Pre Screening For Disabilities And Genetic Enhancement

Pre-screening for disabilities and genetic enhancement are vital factors in the decision to place restrictions for selective genetic abortion. All human life should be of equal worth, supporting the ideal that life-and-death decisions for seriously compromised newborns should not be based on the quality of life (CITE 3). Screening for genetic diseases through the use of in vitro fertilization, or IVF, limits and excludes those with disabilities from our society, exposing limits on morality. These include transgression of divine laws, transgression of natural laws, introduction of an unacceptable risk of harm, introduction of a threat to genetic diversity, introduction of a threat to one’s common genetic heritage, paradoxical counterproductively, a misuse of social resources, a widened gap between the â€Å"haves and â€Å"have nots†, promotion of social conformity and homogeneity, and lastly undermining free choice (Fisher, 2013). From these points it is important to r ecognize the impact it has upon our society, and how we perceive, and behave towards those with a disability. The practise of introducing selective abortion through the use of IVF and genetic testing will create a hostile environment going forward into the future for those who escape detection before birth. This will cause potential discrimination against those with a disability, making them liable to be looked down upon by the community and unfit to be alive (Fisher, 2013). Thus this can create a second class or even aShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Human Genetic Engineering Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesPre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a revolutionary procedure that utilizes in vitro fertilization to implant a healthy egg cell into the mother’s uterus after it is screened for mutations or other abnormalities. That way, only healthy eggs can develop to term and become beautiful, bouncing boys or girls. 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Math s Relationship With Astronomy - 1225 Words

Math s relationship with astronomy is one of the most unappreciated sciences to this day. Math has not only allowed us to begin to answer some of life s greatest questions that were only discussed in religion and story, but it has enabled us to see further than we have ever seen into the vast universe we exist in through astronomy. Math has often been described by the greatest minds our species as the language of the cosmos. The ability to do complex mathematics has allowed us as a species to learn, discover and even explain objects we discover in space through astronomy. The importance of astronomy and it s connection to math is first touched upon by Dr Carl Sagan in his book Cosmos, then Max Tegmark goes on to discuss that not only is math used to explore our universe, but the entire universe and its functions is made of math, and finally Astronomy magazine discusses how math is used to explain the simple all the way to the complex. 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The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body a Literature Review Free Essays

Running Head: EFFECTS OF HEROIN ON A PERSON The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heather Huber Walden University Psych 8226-04 Biopsychology Dr. John Redmon August 18, 2010 Abstract This literature review looks at the detrimental effects of heroin. Since many heroin users often become addicted, it is important to look at its ramifications. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beginning with a brief history of the substance, then discussing treatment programs for those who have problems with heroin abuse, this paper helps to better understand logical reasons that heroin is an illegal substance. The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, is an illegal drug in the United States and many other countries. Heroin has devastating results on the brain and body. This paper looks at heroin’s history, its consequences on the brain and body, addiction possibilities, and available options for treatment for heroin abusers. What is Heroin? Chemical make-up Breaking down the parts of the word, diacetylmorphine, di means two, acetyl is a radical derived from acetic acid, and morphine is a drug derived from the opium poppy plant used to relieve pain. Heroin, on the street, is generally not pure. Drug dealers often add other things in the drug to stretch their dollar (Furst, 2000). The term for adding things to a drug is called cutting it. According to Furst, easily attainable items, such as lactose and milk sugar, can cut heroin. Quinine, a psychoactive drug that enhances the heroin high, is also a common choice. History Upon researching the history of heroin, very few research articles were located. Many tend to focus on its results in present day life. Unfortunately, this inequity of information in Walden University’s academic databases, the internet provided much of the information regarding the history of heroin. Using vigilant discernment and precise judgment, the following information appeared relevant and valuable in understanding the path of heroin. Heinrich Dreser, an employee of the Bayer Company (the same as today’s Bayer Asprin), first discovered heroin in 1895 by diluting morphine (PBS, 1998). It was later that heroin was advertised and sold as an over-the-counter medication. Acknowledged for having the pain relieving effects of morphine, without the side effects and addictions, heroin became the new choice for pain relief. Unfortunately, a researcher in Bayer laboratories unethically withheld the truth of this information (HeroinAbuse. Net, 2007; PBS, 1998). The use, abuse, and addiction to heroin grew in the United States, and around the world, throughout the early 1900s. Access to heroin on the streets, despite its illegal status, became easier and soon it became a headliner when American celebrities (Janis Joplin, John Belushi, and Kurt Cobain, to name a few) overdosed and died due to use of the drug and its mixture with other illegal substances (PBS, 1998). Today, heroin is still illegal, but is prominent in the lives of many who use or know someone who uses. Effects of Heroin on the Brain Drugs become illegal usually due to the negative consequences. Franken, Stam, Hendriks, and van den Brink (2004) found that heroin can have a negative result on the brain by limiting and exciting different areas leading the long time abuser to have negative characteristics similar to both Alzheimer’s patients and individuals with multiple sclerosis (dementia and brain lesions, respectively). While their study shared a lot about long-term users of heroin, it failed to present information regarding limited-use of heroin users. It is valuable information to know how heroin use affects both groups. The difference between users and abusers will be discussed in the addiction section of this paper. Li, et al. 2005) discovered major disruptions in the cerebral cortex and central nervous system when they autopsied accidental deaths of heroin addicts. While it is challenging to study the definitive effects of heroin on the brain in patients while alive, postmortem patients provide valuable information regarding the effects of heroin use on the brai n. While traces of heroin were found throughout the brain, they discovered a larger amount in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia (Li, et al. , 2005). These heroin cells left lesions in the brain, which could have lead to decreased blood flow to the organs and even death (Li, et al. , 2005). It is clear that the brain is affected by the use of heroin, next we will look at the effects of heroin on the body. Effects of Heroin on the Body Heroin affects vision. Firth (2005) studied its effects. Many heroin users reported double vision (diplopia); the author thought it was important to see whether it was a temporary or permanent condition. Eye exercises or specially made glasses corrected the majority of diplopic conditions. Shao, et al. (2006), tested and found that those with the DRD4 VNTR long repeat allele were more likely to crave heroin after seeing heroin related stimuli, than with the similar DRD4 VNTR short repeat allele. This type of research provides information to future researchers to study this particular allele and perhaps find a â€Å"cure† for heroin addiction. While this may not be the only part of the human body that shows addiction tendencies towards heroin, it is a stepping-stone towards a future of understanding heroin addiction and maybe generalizes that information towards addictions to any substance. Addiction Addiction, in general, has been viewed from many different angles. Many influences encourage one to begin using a substance. O’Brien (2003) states that when discussing addition agent variable, there are three categories to take into consideration. First, agent variables include the onset and duration of the high, and price of the substance. Second, host variables include a risk-taking personality, likeliness of the person to get high, hereditary influences, and a desire to self-medicate. Lastly, environmental variables include peer pressure, and the use of a substance by a role model. These three groups of variables are important to take into consideration when identifying and analyzing an addiction. Viewing addiction from two perspectives, it is in one’s brain, or addiction is a chronic disease (O’Brien, 2003). Research has found that brain mapping is different in the brain of an addict than it is in the brain of a non-addict. Applying the disease approach to addiction, relapses are common and cannot be helped. The philosophy resembles the thoughts such as â€Å"would you punish a diabetic for having a sugar crash? † Many times the ideas behind addiction are challenging for people to comprehend when they have not had an addiction themselves or seen another person go through it. It is important for researchers to study addiction so that we can better understand it and help those who are addicted to substances. According to the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), an addiction to heroin would be classified as an opioid dependence. The characteristics of a person who is dependent upon heroin (a member of the opioid family) include the use of the drug without a prescription, self-medicating, obsession with obtaining the drug, high tolerance for the drug, and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly ended. Chiang, et al. (2006), looked at the likelihood of relapse for heroin users and found that of their 166 heroin abusers, approximately 80% of them relapsed in the five-year study. This is a larger percentage and ties into the idea of heroin addiction being a chronic disease that affects an individual throughout their life. Treatment With relapse having such prevalence in the life of heroin abusers trying to abstain, finding a successful treatment program is an important task. Blanken, et al. 2005), found significant success in programs that utilized a mix of heroin and methadone as a treatment to curb withdrawal symptoms, over those that used only methadone. One may question the help of using an addictive substance to treat an addiction, but it is similar to the idea of weaning a child off breast milk by slowly introducing bottles alongside the breast. While it takes some time for the weaning process, it decreases the likelihood of relapse. Gossop, Stewart, and Marsden (2006) found th at participants in a methadone treatment program, who received drug related counseling, were less likely to elapse than those who received generic or no counseling. This is important information for clinics that have methadone treatments programs because they can use the research to enhance their programs to better fit their patients and help in their treatments. Research (Marissen, et al. , 2006) has found that in-patient patients, who showed interest towards heroin related cues, were more likely to relapse after treatment, than those who did not show interest in the cues. The next steps for future research may include assessing whether the desire for heroin makes treatment more difficult. Whether an addict has a problem in their brain, or whether they have a chronic disease, heroin use and abuse is a grave topic for consideration (O’Brien, 2003). From the characteristics that push a person to first try heroin, to the nagging need for the high of just one more hit, the drug is a dangerous chemical that can have serious repercussions on both the brain and the body. Researcher need to continue their work in examining heroin as a chemical, drug, and addictive substance in order to assist in the best treatment for its use. With continued research, there may be a cure for heroin addiction, or even addiction itself. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Blanken, P. , Hendriks, V. M. , Koeter, M. W. J. , van Ree, J. M. , van den Brink, W. (2005). Matching of treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients to medical prescription or heroin or oral methadone treatment: Results from two randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 100, 89-95. Chiang, S. -C.. Chan, H. -Y. , Chen, C. -H. , Sun, H. -J. , Chang, H. -J. , Chen, W. J. , Lin, S. -K. , Chen, C. -K. (2006). Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for illicit drug use in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 444-451. Firth, A. Y. (2005). Heroin and diplopia. Addiction, 100, 46-50. Franken, I. H. A. , Stam, C. J. , Hendriks, V. M. , van den Brink, W. (2004). Electroencephalographic power and coherence analyses suggest altered brain function in abstinent male heroin-dependent patients. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 105-110. Gossop, M. , Stewart, D. , Marsden, J. (2006). Effectiveness of drug and alcohol counseling during methadone treatment: content, frequency, and duration of counseling and association with substance use outcomes. Addiction, 101, 404-412. HeroinAbuse. Net. (2007). History of heroin. [Website]. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from http://www. heroinabuse. net/heroin_history. php Li, L. , Lu, G. , Yao, H. , Zhao, Y. , Feng, Z. , Yew, D. T. (2005). Postmortem changes in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla of the heroin addicts. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 1443-1449. Marissen, M. A. E. , Franken, I. H. A. , Waters, A. J. , Blanken, P. , van den Brink, W. , Hendriks, V. M. (2006). Attentional bias predicts heroin relapse following treatment. Addiction, 9, 1306-1312. National Kidney Foundation. (2008). Drug abuse and your kidneys. [Website]. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. kidney. org/atoz/atozItem. cfm? id=44 O’Brien, C. P. (2003). Research advances in the understanding and treatment of addiction. The Journal on Addictions, 12, S36-S47. PBS. (1998). Opium throughout history. [Website]. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history. html Shao, C. , Li, Y. , Jiang, K. , Xu, Y. , Lin, Y. , Wang, Q. , Zhao, M. , Jin, L. (2006). Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism modulates cue-elicited heroin craving in Chinese. Psychopharmacology, 186, 185-190. How to cite The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review, Essays

Why Marijuanas Should be Legal Essay Example For Students

Why Marijuanas Should be Legal Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Facts3 Why Marijuana Should be Legal Essay example4 Conclusion Introduction Marijuana, often referred to a pot or cannabis, is widely known throughout the world and has a long history of use for different purposes. People’s perceptions of marijuana have considerably changed over the years from prohibitions and warnings against its use to the increased acceptance for medical and recreational use. Shifts in public thought at large, caused by the change of social, cultural, and political backgrounds, have made the issue of marijuana use and its legalizing on the governmental level quite controversial. Moreover, the status of marijuana differs from country to country. In particular, while in the United States, marijuana is legalized and can be freely bought, in Canada, marijuana is illegal. As the legalization of marijuana is a rather controversial issue, a student at universities or colleges is often required to write argumentative essays in this topic and develop persuasive arguments for or against it. One of the most significant parts of such essays is a strong and arguable thesis, which expresses one’s attitude to the issue from a medical, political, or economic perspective. This article provides important information on how to write a good essay about the legalization of marijuana focusing on the need to make marijuana legal in Canada. Facts First of all, it should be noted that over time, weed has proved to be rather beneficial and useful from the medical perspective. In particular, one of the earliest resources reporting the use of cannabis for medical reasons dates back to approximately 2,800 BC. It is the Chinese document called â€Å"Shennung Ben Ts’ao King.† The document provides a description of how the ancient Chinese used different parts of cannabis to treat illnesses and bring relief from pain. For example, the flowers of cannabis were used to help patients with open wounds and menstrual disorders. Besides that, the Chinese consumed the seeds of cannabis internally to treat aconite and vermillion poisoning, obstinate vomiting, and other illnesses and symptoms. In addition to that, the document includes important facts concerning the preparation of cannabis and the effects of its excessive use. In particular, it is noted that the excessive consumption of marijuana can lead to hallucinations. Nowadays, the status of marijuana is rather controversial and differs from state to state. Even though in Canada, it is first of all viewed as a dangerous and addictive drug that can even cause deaths if consumed excessively, experts cannot deny its beneficial effect on people’s health in particular cases. Over time, marijuana has proved to be beneficial while used for medical reasons. The use of cannabis can not just bring relief from certain symptoms but also save lives. For example, one of the AIDS patients, Charles Pariseau, was saved by marijuana when he was constantly losing weight and could keep neither food nor medications in his system. Marijuana is said to have improved his immune function. What is more, it is often stated that marijuana is helpful in repressing HIV and AIDS. As a result, Pariseau has gained weight, and his overall state has normalized. This and numerous other examples prove that the effect of marijuana on patients’ state in certain cases can be beneficial. The fact is that the legalization of marijuana remains a controversial issue as there are many pros and cons of it. The effects of marijuana are not studied enough to analyze whether the advantages of the use of cannabis for medical reasons outweigh its potential harm for addicts. Why Marijuana Should be Legal Essay example Even though in the past, weed was freely used to help people get relief from symptoms and fight illnesses, for some period of time, the use of marijuana has been illegal in numerous countries, and Canada is not an exception. However, with the shift in public thought and the tendency to be more open to new ideas and visions, experts now propose public policy change aimed to legalize marijuana. .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .postImageUrl , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:hover , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:visited , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:active { border:0!important; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:active , .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf895f7ae43a6585e51a1a0739432160a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer engineering EssayNumerous experts claim that in Canada, the use of marijuana should become legalized due to its benefits from the medical perspective. People believe that the Federal Government should not take control over all their actions because they are responsible for their actions themselves. The main argument for the legalization of marijuana is the fact that alcohol and tobacco, which are much more harmful and addictive, are in free use, while weed is forbidden. What is more, it is often said that the legislation on the use of this drug was created on the basis of the racist sentiment, and it decreases the law’s credibility. While analyzing the change in the status of marijuana, one can understand that marijuana was prohibited first of all because of social reasons and not because it was viewed as a dangerous drug. The matter is that other substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, are actually much more dangerous than marijuana. Those viewing marijuana as a harmful and addictive drug emphasize its effect on the brain. The fact is that marijuana really influences people’s conscience and can make them addicted. However, tobacco and alcohol are much more addictive. In particular, nicotine, the substance present in tobacco, is proved to be the most addictive substance ever. All of the above proves that the use of marijuana in Canada should be legalized. Similar to America, Canada should establish a law regulating the use of marijuana and allowing its legal status. Weed should be treated similarly to alcohol and tobacco as it is not more dangerous than these substances. Conclusion The use of marijuana has its advantages and disadvantages. As a result, its status and attitude to it are controversial. While some people view it as an addictive and dangerous drug that can lead to deaths, others emphasize its beneficial impact if used for medical reasons. It is important to evaluate all the potential benefits and risks thoroughly in order to decide whether to legalize marijuana or not. There, the question lies in the fact whether the Federal Government has to control people completely or they should be responsible for their actions themselves.